摘要:光武中兴后,在易学领域,古文费氏易学渐兴,但属于今文的象数易学特别是《易纬》的象数易学仍然占据主导地位,且广泛、深刻地影响着当时的社会政治和思想文化的发展。《白虎通义》吸收、借鉴《易纬》之说,构筑了一个以太初、太始、太素、三光、五行为次序的宇宙生成模式。它曾称述《易传》“汤武革命”之说,强调改朝换代的必然性和合理性,同时倾心于《易传》的天尊地卑、乾坤定位之说和董仲舒的三纲五常思想,系统阐述了三纲六纪理论,目的在于营造一个上下各安其位的和谐的社会氛围,实现天人整体和谐的文化价值理
关键词:《白虎通义》;易学;《周易》;东汉
bai hu tong yi and the yi-ology
abstract:since the guangwu restoration in the eastern han dynasty, fei zhi’s yi-ology based on the yi written in chinese script before the qin dynasty was gradually springing up. in spite of this, the imagenumber yiology, esp. that conceived in yi wei (the apocrypha of the yi) still played a guiding role and extensively and deeply affected the development of the social politics and ideological culture at that time. taking in and drawing references from the theories embraced in yi wei, bai hu tong yi (thorough interpretations of the classics passed in the conference held in the white tiger temple) constructed a producing pattern of the cosmos in the order of taichu (primordial state of qi), taishi (primordial state of forms), taishu (primordial state of matters), sanguang (three lights, i.e. sun, moon, and stars), wuxing (fiveelement). it had approvingly recounted the revolutions at the end of the xia and shang dynasties mentioned in yi zhuan (commentaries on the yi), to stress the necessity and rationality of the dynasties changes. meanwhile, it admires the principles of “heaven (symbol of the trigram qian) superior with the earth (symbol of the trigram kun) inferior” conceived in yi zhuan, and dong zhongshu’s thought of the three cardinal and five constant virtues. it systematically expounded the moral principles to create a harmonious social atmosphere in which each enjoys its own proper position, to realize an ideal of cultural value by which the heaven and human attain to a holistic harmony.
key words:bai hu tong yi; yiology; zhouyi; the eastern han dynastysm
《白虎通义》虽然是一部具有封建国家法典性质和地位的文献,是一种钦定经义,但就经学内部而言,则对古今文经及谶纬采取了兼收并蓄的方针。参加白虎观会议的既有今文学者,又有古文学者,还有兼通古今和谶纬的学者。章帝召集诸儒参加白虎观会议,目的是要在"扶进微学,尊广道艺"的前提下,“讲议五经同异”,“共正经义”(《章帝纪》)[3]。就《白虎通义》引《易》论《易》而言,其中有今文易学和《易纬》的观点,也有古文易学的说法。如《白虎通义·谏诤》引《周易·豫卦》六二爻辞云:“《易》曰:‘介如石,不终日,贞吉。’”陈立疏证:“《释文》引古文《易》作‘砎如石’,言象两石相摩击而出火之意。《集解》引虞注读为‘纤介’之‘介’。则此盖用古文《易》也。”《白虎通义》把各家各派所发挥的封建宗法思想融会成为集大成的经学著作,是今文经学、古文经学和谶纬之学由分歧、斗争开始走向统一和融合的产物。这些都反映出它对《易传》百虑一致、殊途同归的学术思想的继承和发挥。《四库全书总目》等即将其与《吕氏春秋》、《淮南子》等一起列入杂家。
当然,《白虎通义》对《易传》之说的继承和发挥,其最终目的还是要为封建宗法制度和专制政治服务,因而它的许多思想与《易传》相比,又有一些明显的倒退,这在天道观方面尤其突出。例如,《易传》不谈五行,提出了“一阴一阳之谓道”这个著名的命题,而《白虎通义》虽然也接触到阴阳这对矛盾,但并未对它们进行深入论述,且将五行说奉为至宝,很多事物都拿去附会五行,暴露出思辨的贫困。特别是《白虎通义》中的阴阳概念主要用于构筑社会等级秩序,双方的主从关系是不变的,所以它更多地以五行说及三统说、三教说等来说明事物的发展变化,并最终陷入了循环论的泥沼。[4]这些也是应该引起我们注意的。