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    a grenade killed his best friend.
    his best friend was killed by a grenade.
    1.2. sometimes, the active voice can be transformed into passive voice.
    for examples:
    i have a house in the country.
    a house is had by me in the country. (f)
    she married a frenchman.
    a frenchman was married by her. (f)
    ⅱ passive voice
    we give a simple definition to the passive voice in form, namely, be/get+ -ed. zhang keli and some other grammarians divide the passive voice into three kinds. those are true-passive, pseudo-passive and quasi-passive.
    2.1. true-passive
    2.1.1. a sentence with executor is called true-passive. the true-passive can be divided into ideality and non-ideality.
    for examples:
    the violin was made by my father.
    sentence (1) is an ideality passive voice. because it has an executor and the executor is a person. it is corresponding to the active voice: “my father made the violin.”
    coal has been replaced by oil.
    sentence (2) is a non-ideality passive. because it doesn’t directly correspond to an actor. it can be transformed into two actors: “oil has replaced coal.” “people have replaced coal by oil.”
    2.1.2.–ed in the true-passive is called verbal-participle(动词性分词). the executor of true-passive refers to the person. sometime, the executor is unclear or doesn’t be demoted. the executor just can be led by “by” or omitted.
    for examples:
    his best friend was killed by a grenade.
    this view has been challenged by a number of workers.
    the news was confirmed by a telegram.
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