【中图分类号】r979.1 【文献标识码】a 【文章编号】1672-3783(2013)03-0500-01
【摘要】:aurora a为aurora激酶家族亚群之一,参与细胞质的分裂,纺锤体的形成,染色体的分离,aurora a的过表达和分化异常与肿瘤的形成密切相关,以aurora a为基因治疗靶点的研究成为全世界医学者研究的热点,下面就抑癌基因aurora a研究进展与胶质瘤基因治疗的关系做一综述。
【关键词】:胶质瘤;基因治疗;aurora a激酶抑制剂;细胞有丝分裂
胶质瘤是颅内常见恶性肿瘤,呈浸润性生长,手术常难以将其彻底切除,术后复发率高,预后差,患者生活质量下降,多在5年内死亡,其病死率与其它恶性肿瘤相比居高不下,目前恶性胶质瘤的治疗以手术切除为主,术后辅以放疗和化疗,术后残留的肿瘤细胞经放疗大部分可以杀死,彻底清除很困难。化疗药物经过不断的更新和改进,脂溶性,水溶性均有所提高,但血脑屏障的存在和肿瘤细胞的耐药性对胶质瘤术后的化疗效果仍是一个巨大的挑战。总之,目前对于胶质瘤的治疗仍未达到满意的效果,依然是全世界公认的医学难题。但随着近年来医学分子生物学的飞速发展和基因治疗研究的不断深入,一种全新的治疗模式,靶向治疗为胶质瘤患者的治愈带来了一线曙光,其特异性高,针对性强,尽管目前还不完善,但终将为人类的医疗事业跨入一个新的阶段打下坚实的基础[1] 。
(一) aurora a的来源,结构及功能
aurora a为近年全世界研究的热点基因之一[4] ,最早发现在一种aurora a缺陷的果蝇突变体胚胎中,因在细胞分裂过程中单极纺锤体的出现,停止发育,类似极地夜空出现的极光现象而命名[2] 。 aurora a为丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶,由403个氨基酸组成,基因定位于20q13,分子量为46kd。 n末端参与aurora细胞内的定位,识别及和其它蛋白的结合。内为参与aurora a磷酸化的t环苏氨酸残基。c末端高度保守,尾序列为与n末端的a-box一起参与aurora a降解的d-box序列。aurora a通过调节丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶,进而调节中心体和微管的功能[3] 。据相关研究提示,细胞有丝分裂中中心体的复制与分离,染色体的聚合等均与aurora a的调节作用密切相关[4] 。
(二) aurora a的激活
据研究发现,aurora a和agc激酶家族在分子结构上可能存在相同的部分,agc激酶的激活主要通过两个途径:一是分子内两个不同的序列之间的相互作用;二是agc激酶的磷酸化;agc激酶激活途径的凸现给aurora a激活途径的开启给予了很大的启示,但agc激酶充分活化的前提是需将羧基端的序列折叠在疏水序列口袋中[5] ,aurora a的结构中无典型的羧基化序列,难以充分活化,目前已证实在某些辅助因子的帮助下,能以类似的分子激活。tpx2是目前对aurora a所需的相关辅助因子研究中最具代表性的。纺锤体组装所需的相关蛋白最初认为是tpx2[6] ,随着研究的深入发现,tpx2结合的是纺锤体,而不是中心体[7] ,活化的ran-gtp信号通路促进tpx2-aurora-a的结合,诱导aurora a活化部分转移到激酶的催化结构[8,9] ,同时也保护了aurora a中重要的活化片段-磷酸化丝氨酸对抗依赖蛋白磷酸酶1的去磷酸化和失活[8,9] 。tpx2与活化片段的磷酸化的结合决定aurora a是否能被激活(10)。
(三) aurora a的降解
aurora a的降解主要通过两条途径:一是多亚基泛素连接酶(apc/c)与cdh1的特异性结合在有丝分裂退出期破坏aurora a/aurora b蛋白;二是aurora a被基于cullin3的e3连接酶泛素化在有丝分裂中期降解aurora a/aurora b蛋白[13] ;从而降低g1期细胞中aurora a/aurora b蛋白的含量。aurora a/aurora b已被证实为多亚基e3泛素连接酶(apc/c)的两个重要靶点[11,12] 。
(四) aurora a与中心体和纺锤体
中心体的功能和双极纺锤体的组装是aurora a功能的主要体现。aurora a存在于细胞分裂的g2期当中,aurora a与中心体结合需要多个中心蛋白激酶,其中最常直接结合的是pak-1[14] , 在一些模型研究中发现,中心体的成熟缺陷与aurora a的耗竭有关,此外aurora a只有在不破坏的情况下才能促进中心体的成熟。
aurora a在中心体界定纺锤体两极时起到积极的作用,在一些动物模型的研究中发现,单极纺锤体的出现,细胞停止发育,主要是由于aurora a的抑制或耗竭[16,17,18] ,此外研究
发现微管的存在与aurora a密切相关[15] ,细胞皮层与中心体的连接者之一是微管,这种连接方式对细胞分裂及纺锤体两极的是否对称影响很大,中心体微管的成核和染色体对纺锤体的形成发挥巨大的作用[19,20] ,有丝分裂的活化梯度是由于染色体中gtpase ran转化成ran-gtp[21,22,23] ,核蛋白b与ran-gtp的结合导致微管组装因子的释放[23,24,25,26,27,28] ,这表明,纺锤体的组装要依赖aurora a的活性[29] 。
aurora a对促进有丝分裂发挥着重要的作用,有丝分裂之所以能及时进入主要是因为中心体被cyclin-b/cdk-1激活的缘故[30] 。近来的研究提示蛋白激酶plk-1在g2期的活化是由于aurora a的促进,t环是活化的主要靶点[31] ,cyclin-b/cdk-1活性的控制主要是通过蛋白激酶weel的降解和cdc25b的磷酸化来实现的[32,33] 。中心体中cdc25b磷酸酶的激活直接由aurora a促进的[34] ,cdc25b被激活后与aurora a是否有协同作用,目前尚不清楚,中心体不仅是细胞周期和纺锤体形成的重要中心,同时可以感应周围环境的变化及传输环境变化所转化的生物信号。
(五) aurora a与肿瘤的关系
aurora a在多种肿瘤细胞中存在着过表达现象,肿瘤细胞中集落的形成,中心体的扩增均与aurora a有关[35,36,37] ,但在原代细胞培养及肿瘤转化的研究中发现,aurora a的过表达需与相关的辅助因子结合方能诱导肿瘤的发生[38] 。meraldi研究发现胞质分裂失败的直接原因不是aurora a的过表达[36] 。四倍体在胞质分裂失败和过度表达aurora a中均有所发现[36,37] ,此发现说明aurora a激酶为细胞的集落形成和肿瘤生长所需,但并不是必不可少的[35] 。此外据有关报道aurora a蛋白的稳定性与某些核苷酸的位置相关,有提高肿瘤易感性的可能[38,39] 。
细胞转化及致瘤是否与aurora a有关,目前尚不清楚,有研究表明细胞分裂中纺锤体组装的检验点被aurora a干扰所致[37] 。aurora a与aurora b有相似的磷酸化序列,aurora b在sac中的作用明确后发现aurora a与aurora b的作用类似。在蟾蜍卵母细胞的研究中发现aurora a可促进抑癌基因mos的翻译,激活mapk通路,致肿瘤的发生[40] 。p53基因功能和aurora a的过表达与肿瘤的发生有很大的关系,有研究表明p53蛋白可抑制aurora a的功能,而p53蛋白的稳定性和转录活性又由aurora a直接控制[41,42] ,两者呈相互作用的关系[43] 。总之dna的损伤,四倍体化及中心体的扩增均与p53蛋白与aurora a的相互作用有关。
(6) aurora a的研究进展及近期发现
鉴于aurora a在细胞有丝分裂中的重要作用及与肿瘤发生的密切相关性,被众多研究者关注。关等在喉鳞癌的研究中发现喉癌的临床分期和预后与aurora a在喉癌组织中有一定的表达有关[44] 。王等在食管癌的研究中发现,过表达的aurora a可抑制细胞凋亡,促进增殖,对化疗药顺铂诱导的凋亡起到拮抗的作用[45] 。卢等在原发性卵巢上皮性癌中发现人原发性上皮性癌组织aurora a的表达水平明显高于人原发性上皮性良性肿瘤组织且患者病理分级,临床手术分期及预后有较大的关系[46] 。王新平,李国庆等在研究aurora-a和aurora-b在人胃癌组织中的表达及意义时发现胃癌分化程度越低,阳性表达率越高,继而推测胃癌的发生,发展与aurora-a和aurora-b表达有关[47] 。xu等在肺癌的研究中发现,肺癌的发生,染色体的不稳定及分化程度与aurora a的过表达密切相关[48] 。jeng等在肝癌的研究中发现肿瘤的侵袭性与预后与aurora a的过表达密切相关[49] 。lehman nl等在aurora a的研究中发现不同级别,类型的胶质瘤,aurora a表达不同,对肿瘤的发生既有促进作用又有抑制作用[50] 。navaratne ks, weil rj对aurora a的f311多态性的研究中发现,胶质母细胞瘤的风险不会因为极光f311而增加[51] 。许州等关于胶质瘤aurora a基因表达被rna干扰沉默后对脑胶质瘤细胞增殖及凋亡的研究中发现,aurora a基因被抑制后,可促进胶质瘤u251细胞的凋亡,抑制其增殖,对acnu有增敏作用[57] 。综上,恶性肿瘤的发生,发展与aurora a密切相关。
(7) aurora a与靶向治疗
aurora a在细胞的有丝分裂中发挥着重要的调节作用,对aurora a的抑制,导致有丝分裂的停滞,作为一种新的治疗手段成为全世界研究的热点。针对aurora的抑制剂陆续出现,zm447439[52] ,h
hesperadin[53] ,vx-680[54] .为第一个被报道的aurora抑制剂。vx-680 运用在多种人脑胶质瘤细胞移植的荷瘤小鼠身上,肿瘤的体积明显缩小,其主要机制是h3组蛋白的减少和细胞的凋亡[52,53,54] 。atp的竞争抑制剂mln8054,在体内0.004um即可抑制aurora a,将浓度提高,aurora b可被抑制;在体外0.172um范围即可抑制aurora a,aurora b在170nm范围仍不敏感[55] 。gridler等研究发现在体内外zm447439对aurora b的抑制效果优于aurora a。zm2与zm3是分别针对aurora a,aurora b的两种特异性很高的抑制剂[56] .lehman nl等在aurora a的研究中发现mln8237抑制剂对胶质母细胞瘤具有很强的细胞毒性,致细胞衰老及分化的特性,为临床胶质母细胞瘤的治疗提供了新思路[50] 。抑制剂的出现在基因治疗方面具有里程碑的意义,但随之而来的患者的耐药性及基因突变给基因治疗又带来了巨大的挑战,对患者的耐药性和针对aurora a突变的抑制剂的研究将会是全世界医学研究者一个新的热点。
综上所述aurora a为近年来发现的有较高研究价值的抑癌基因之一,在细胞的有丝分离中发挥着重要的调节作用,在多种肿瘤中存在过表达现象,肿瘤的病理分级,临床分期及患者的预后与aurora a密切相关,在多种原代细胞培养及异种肿瘤细胞移植的实验研究中发现抑制aurora a激酶,肿瘤的体积明显缩小,因此对aurora a的研究备受关注,目前对aurora a的研究还远远不够,比如aurora a促进细胞的转化、致瘤的机制是什么?活化的激酶与死亡的激酶在aurora a的表型上有何不同?aurora a突变的抑制剂的研究等[1] 。相信随着分子生物学的发展及基因研究的不断深入,会有更多相关因子被发现,对aurora a会有一个更全面地认识,为肿瘤的治疗提供一个全新的思路。
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